Table 2 shows how each of these factors changes the free energy (∆G) of dsDNA formation, represented by ∆∆G. They also observed how DNA stability was affected by salt concentration, pH, and the presence of DNA intercalators, aromatic compounds that can be toxic or mutagenic due to their ability to insert between DNA bases. Thus, a rheometer can be considered as a special type of viscometer. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Table 1 shows the free energy contributions of the different structural elements they investigated. A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. They were able to isolate the free energy contributions of individual structural elements by making chemical alterations that effectively eliminated the free energy contributions of all other structural elements. They suspected that the two main contributors to dsDNA stability would be hydrogen bonding between base pairs and pi-stacking, a non-covalent interaction that occurs only between the aromatic portions of bases. The progressive denaturation of DNA by DMSO has been followed by viscosity measurements. The intrinsic viscosity is influenced more by ionic strength than pH. To better understand the nature of DNA melting, researchers characterized how different structural elements of dsDNA affect its stability and therefore its melting temperature. The effect of pH and ionic strength on the viscosity behavior of single-stranded DNA has been studied.
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